Best available cor--



Jan. 2, 1923.

T. L. LEE ET AL Enacrmc SYSTEM FOR Vzmcuzs.

FILED JAN. 20 I921 llnvemwrs Mama/45E; t 1.0.

U Gk 11 8% Patented Jan. 2, 1923.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE- rnomms ii LEE AND IiAY-MOND H.-SULLIVAN, OFIYOCHESTEB, NEWYon-x, irs'sreiwol'zs mo NORTH EASTELEGTRIG COMPANY, OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, A COR'PGRATION 01% NEW' YORK.

ELECTRIC SYSTEM FOR il'II-ZIHICLIEIS.

lication med January 20, 1921; Serial in 438,641.

B s know" that we, HOMAS L. LEE and RAYl rION D fii gsmuvim, citizens of the Unitedisfiaie'gi efiding at Rochester, in the lief; a tt'enilant, it is llldefifmlfie thi} time when the a gut; isolat erl plgi r ib, or the ZLLQJA-lfll'rliS on 1; mfi 'dl Vehicle orlla ,Qailwuywzng, skilled sn- .petvisib n n1 t he idispensed ith and the pperzrt ioirgifiiihe sjrsfenrr'nnst be mainly or wholly lautomatic; Various arrangements liziye heen proposed for this, purppee. in gonj e of nhiehithasbeen attempted to lii n'ii' or present overehargil g; of the baittery by he use of automi'iliie mun-011mg devices; hub fur the part the delicacy and "irregularity of such devices have caused their abandonmentmnd in the vast lil'djQili- V (if such email systems nothing is attempted beyuml huh]- ing the overcharging of the battery clown (u a degree at which it will net he t uoquii'zkly destructive to the battery.

An object of theprese'nt inve'ntiun is w provide a SiYSiGIll, u! the type in qllsithi's l with simpleend reliable inegns by \rhicli-the gharging o-f fihe hatlie'rlv will he rlistx nlinurfi eutumatiealbi Whenever the. battery has hi eome'fully charged. A further object ofytlm invention is to rovide 1 m bheuuterimtic resul'npt-ion ufrthe charging-operation hefm'e the batleiy he's become greetll idiseharged,

operable in njmirt Ithas' t t rir e hristian resumed, after an interval of'uncertain but in no case unduly great len th.

Another disadvantage o? a Charge-Con troller of the type in question, as heretofore proposed, lies in the fact that the voltage across the battery terminals or the generator While theba'ttery is charging is not, in itself alone an accnratem'eas'ureof the extent to y'yhichthe batteryfhas been charged. This is due'ito the fact that this voltage is due to two variables; namely, first, the electromotive to e; or fopen-circuitfvoltage of the battery, and, seconds, the, internal resistance of the battery. Theelec'tromotive force of i. 1 e t d r e t ri t fi i ll n' fte ti ee 13.35 ifiitem" prature, [but the internal resistance varies i t bfiel ii e lyi with, he 1n i tiire lot the Pattern ani i i ati eiier v s n t n y with. atmospheric chan es but also iii'acoordherate at which the battery has been charged i To secure accurate results it is necessary, tl' ereform toi compensate automatically for changes 'in the tem perat-iireflof the battery, and j feature-of this invention resides in thenovel andsihiple nieans provided for this purpose In th s respect advantage is taken oi the fact .thatcertam eneratoi's tend to increase their output wit increasein the resistaiice or counterE. Mjlh of the load cir cuit, This is particularh true of generators of the three-brush type, in which a shunt field-winding is connected between one or more of the main brushes and one or more auxiliary brushes interposed between the main brushes. With such a generator, open atin at any given speed, charging a battery Whic has been charged to any iven degree and has attained a corresponding electromotive force. if the resistance of the churgi ing-circuit be increased, by reduction in the temperature of' the battery. the voltage across the generator terminals increases to such a degree that the current output in creases instead of diminishing. In such system, therefore, while thecondition of the battery, as to charge, cannot be gauged by voltage alone, it can be gauged by referencito the inverse variation of both "voltage and current. i That is, it may be stated on: the

cooperates with a fixed contact '13. I relay is so constructed that thecont'aicts are moment of full charge in the battery is the moment when 411L 61 (1 where E is voltage across the battery terminals or the generatorterminals, I is the current flowing through the battery, and a, b, and c are constants'depending upon the peculiarities of the several parts of the apparatus.

\Vhile the foregoing expression may not be rigorously true, itrhas been .found 1to be at least a practical approximationrto the fact, and the principle involved may be utilized practically in a very simple manner, by using, as the charge-controller, a relay having a voltage 'winding connected across the generator terminals, of high resistance and many turns, anda current or series winding of few turns and low' resistance, this latter winding being connected in series with the generator and the battery and being arranged in oppositiontothe voltage, wind- The accompanying drawing is aconi entional diagram of an electric system embodying the present invention. I

The invention is illustrated as embodied in an electric system in w'h ch'the nerator 5 has the form of a simple three rush direct-current machine, such as is oftennsed in connection with a motorehicle and driven, at variable speed, byidirect connection with the engine of. the vehicle. The generator has main brushesffi'iind 7, and a third or auxiliary brush 8, tl esliuntfieldwinding 9 being energized by current flowconnections hereinafter"described, to the main brush 7.

Thecharge-controller is in the'form'ofa relay, having a magnebcore 1O and-an tux-c 11. The relay is provided with'back contacts, the contact 12, carried bythe "armatm'e, being in the form ofa spring WhIi fh )8 'ing from the brush 8, tlirough thecircuit not separated by the first part of the move ment of the armature towards the magnet. Xs conventional construction for this pun pose, the armature is shown as provided with a pin 14 having a head which engages and positively moves the spring 12, but not until the armature has performed a part of its movement The armature is maintained in the illustrated position, with the contaits closed, by means of a spring 15 By suitable adjustment of the spring and the contacts,

tin relay may be caused to act so thatupon the attainment of a certain degree of flux in the magnet, the spring 15 is overcome and the armature begins to more. As it. does so the airgap in the magnetic circuit is shortened, so that the armature moves with rapidly increasing force. Conse quently, when the contacts have beensepa rated the armature is in a position to be re current-windingn-QOof relati vely few turns. Phe fixed contact 911 'is ehgagedb y the airmature 22 while the batterly "is-being charged, but 2. sp ring .23'terlds -to move the armature "to opencircuit :positio'n;*beingadjilfid to .do so whenever :the' generated voltage is -le'ss than that necessary to charge the' -battery Assuming that the "b rush rfi-iis -'the positive brush of the generator, :the'current normally flows from this lb'rus h throu 11 some;

.and the current-xviriding Minot he cont roller, andeizhe'nce through :i Wire-25 170 the cut-out From the wire 25' a' sm'zfll-xpart of the current flows-"through the'f voltage-Winding :19 imd thence by wires'Qti-and 27'=to thenegativ'e brush 7 .of theigenerato'r; The greater part of the "current Fflowsrfro'm the wire 25 through rthe serieswindingi 20 of t the out out an'dl'thencepby wiry ofi the contact 21 end the armature Slfz zto m-wirer 28 eomieetec'i with the positive qiote'of tli'e battery; The current flows "through the'ibattery aii'd thence byway 10f :the \i ire'W;-baclt=-'tothe ge'nera- -tor,-the battery thus being charged so long as the cut-out remiLins'clos'e'd:*

' During thischurging "operdtio'n a small amount of current flows constantly {from the wire 24 to the voitege tvin'ding 17 of the contrailer and thence, by,waiy of thearmatu'rell and the wire 31 th the return-whoa? and back -to the genei'atorr lhe' magnetizing efiect o'f-the winding 17 "alwiiys preponderates over the demagnetizirrg efleettithe winding 16, *so thaths tlie'vol't-tlge across the I generator terminate increfises "thepul'l upon the mmature 1 increases, until finally t'h'e .con'troller"moves to open-circuit o'sitio'n. Prior'to-thisoocurrenee-tlieeurrent whicih the "field-winding" 9 is energized asses through the controller contacts by way of the wires 30 and 31, and thus has return pathoflow resistanceto'the brush '1. When the controller contacts are tpenyhowewr, the current through the field'gwiniiing 'has no return path except-through a: r sistancede'vice 32 connected het't'ireenthe windtn :ind the wire 27. This device is-adjusters have i:- resistan'ce s'trchwistd "cut *tloivn the field current nndwthus t'o fiedqcetlie genera-ted voltaigeto an amoe ntsfihtly fes thanizthgrt necessaryte hold the cut-out closed. i The mim-ed re'tely'followed by the opentng'o t form, r

cut out so that charging of the hatter ceases and the output of the generator is reduced to the small! amount necessary to energize the high-resistance windings 17 and 19 of the controller and the cutout, the object being to maintain the controller in open-circuit position for at least a, substantial length of time after it has been moved to this position.

described, the controller remriins in openrircuit position until the generator has been either stopped, or so reduced in speed that its output is no longer suflicient to hold the 'cohtroller open. When this occurs the con: troller'oloses, thus re-es'ttiblishin the lowresistance circuit through the fiei d-wi'nding 9. Upon a subsequentsta'rtin of'the generator or increase in its spee the cut-out in turn will close in response to a sufficient increzis in theigenerttted'voltage, and'if; iii the meantime, the battery has been partly discharged the charging operation will he resumed- 1f, howeve'gth e battery has not been discharged during the interim thecoii- K troller Will again immediately move to opencircuit position, followed 'byfthe cut-out tmd the apparatus will. remain in this condition -until the-generator is again slowed downer VVith the appalratus in the condition last 'stopp'edvas 'andnc'ident to the operation' 'of "915 the'vehiclez' Y r eLA lthough.-'the interval between the interrupti'on end the'iresunhptioh oft thecharging operation is based niot directly =up'on the requ'irments'of the battery, but rather upon the unrelated accidents of the operation of the veliicle 'it is certain as a practical matter that this intervzilwill never be unduly lo'nix. lnthe electric system's' conimon'l'y used on "inoto'r vehicles the battery has a capacity which "is lar g'eiin proportion to the load n01- mallfi in'lposed iipoii it while the vehicle is running; this load consisting m'ere'ly of h 'inpsi ignition-apparatus, signal-horn, (etc, so that theieis no danger of the battery being seriously deleted during the longest continuous run 0 the vehicle at high speed. The *oh l y hes vy' 8min upon the battery is that in'ciclentiiflito starting the engine after it has been stopped, but the a paratus aLu't'o- TnJtically takes care of this condition. owing toth'e fact that it always in condition to resume charging of the battery when the engine is stzfitetl from a condition of 'r'est.

In order tht the clause-controller ma sensitive and accurate in this o eration. it is desirable to compensate it for changes in the resistance of the voltage wi'ndin g 17 due to chting'es in the te'fiiperliture'thereof. in the 'diaggzrii rita compensating 'd'ei'iceis shown in tlie'i orm of :i body 33. placed tween the poles of the i'na'gnct. This body is i'iiad'e of a magnetic material having the characteristic that its permeabilitv diminishes W111 rfse'iri Leinpererure. This body llO thus acts as a magnetic shunt,- of which the eliicacy diminishes as the temperature of the winding 17 increases, thus compensating for the increased resistance of this winding. This method of'compensating is shown more 1y as one convenient device \for the purpose, and is not claimed as a part ofthepresent invention. i-

The relative amount of resistance of the windings 16 and 17 of. the controller "is a matter which can be 'best'determined by experiment, in any particular application of the invention; but it may be stated, for example, that in connection with a three-brush generator of conventional form,=adapted to charge a three-cell lead storagebattery when operated at a speed range of 400 to 2500 R. P. M. at; armaxim-um rate of approirimately 20 amperes, 2025 turns ofNo. 32 copper wire inthe-voltage-winding "17;,iandw3 turns of heavy conductor :with negligible re sistance in the-winding" 16, have been found to give a satisfactory result. ;Not-only does the current-winding 16 compensatefor variations in the internal lresistance ofthe battery, due to changes 'in temperaturev or to anyother cause, but-it also compensates, to a certain degree for various other disturbing effects-in the system. When the temperature of, the 'generator -increases, ;owing to change in atmospheric conditional-or to in ternal heating of the generator, the; resistance of ,the. winding 9 increases, so that :it tends to take less current, and the generated voltage diminishes. :This corresponds to -no change in thG-uCOl'lditiQIl'Of the battery, but since it results in a reductioniinwvolume of the charging currentas wellas ili the terminal'voltageof'the generator, the one reduction compensates 'forithe other'through the action of the windings 16 and 1?: of the 'controller, sothatthe controller will stilliact to discontinue the charging'oper'ation at approximately the right moment. Again, if a load. such as the electric lights 34 shown 'in the diagram. be thrown upon the generator and the battery, this load,-by diminishing the resistance of the total load upon the gen erator, causes a reduction in the voltage effective across the winding 17 of the controller, not necessarily corresponding to any change of condition in the battery. Owing to the peculiarities of the three-brush genorator, ,l'lOVGVQ-l'; this reduction in voltage causes a corresponding reduction in the,current-output flowing through the Winding 1.6, and the two changes approximately neutralize each other.

Although the controller has been described specifically as a magnetoelectric device or relay, it is not necessarily limited to this form, but may have any form in which it is capable of acting in respect to the differential effect of voltage and currentrfiow. It will be understood. also. that the generator -is not necessarily limited to the particular form described, and that the invention is not, in general, limited to the details of con struction and operation hereinbefore set forth.

The invention'claimed is:

1. In an electric system, the combination, with a generator of the threebrush type, a storage-battery charged by the generator,

anda. reverse'current cutout connected in series with the generator and the battery, 01" a charge-controller arranged to control the outputof the generator, the charge-controllerbeing connected both across the genera tor-terminals and in series with thegenerator and the battery .and organized and adrjustedto act,-under thedifferential action of :the terminal voltageand the current-output of 'thegenerator; to interrupt the charging operation when "the battery becomes fully charged; byireducing the terminal voltage below that required to hold the cut-out closed. .wQmIn an electric systemythe combination, with-a generator ofithe type in which the output increases-with increase in terminal ivoltage, and a storage-battery charged by thegenerator,-of.means for controlling the output of the generator, comprising an electromagnetic device operating. when subject ed to-aipredetermined magnetic flux, to sub stantially reduce said output; said device having a liighwesistance winding .of many tu'r'nsconnected across the generator'terr'nt rials 'and= a low-resistance winding offew turns connected in ise'ries with the generator and the battery and arranged in opposition to said high-resistancawinding.

I: 3; In an electric system," the :combination, with .a generator of the typeyin whichthc output increaseswith increase in terminal voltage. a battery charged by. the generator, and a reverse current cut-out connected between the generator and the battery, of a charge-controller arranged to regulate the generator and organized and adjusted to reduce the terminal voltage of the generator to anamount less than that required to hold the cut-out closed, whenever aE-b1:d, where E is the terminal voltage of the generator, I is the current output of the generator, and. a, b, and d are constantsbased upon the characteristics of" the several parts of the apparatus.

4. In an electric system, the combination, with a generator of the type in which the output increases with increase in terminal voltage, and a storage-battery connected with and charged by the generator, of a charge-controller arranged to control the operation of the generatorand constructed a d adjusted to substantially reduce the terininal voltage of the generator whenever aE-Z2I:d, where E is the terminal voltage of the generator, I is the current-output of.

the generator, and a,'b, and d are constants lltl based upon the characteristics of the several parts of the apparatus.

5. In an electric system a charge-controller comprising a magnet having :1 voltage-winding of'comparatively high resistance and many turns; a reverse series-winding of low resistance and few turns; an armature controlling back-contacts; means for holding the contacts closed While the armat-ure moves far enough to substantially re duce the air-gap, so that the contacts will he held open under a flux much less than that required to initiate movement of the armature; and means compensating for change of resistance in the voltage-Winding due in change in temperature.

THOMAS L. LEE.

RAYMOND I-I. SULLIVAN. 

